Depression (Perinatal): Psychological Intervention vs. Control

Emma Motrico , Irene Gómez-Gómez , Carlos Barquero-Jimenez , Alessia Caffieri , Paula de-Juan-Iglesias , Lennert Goossens , Isabel Caceres , Rosalba Company Córdoba , Pim Cuijpers , Mathias Harrer , Clara Miguel

Interested in using this database for your research?

Please note that more recent versions of this database may be available internally. If you require more recent data or want to discuss your research ideas, please contact us at metapsy@vu.nl↗.


General Description

The data-perinatal-depression dataset is part of the meta-analytic research domain (MARD) on psychological interventions for perinatal depression. This MARD is part of the Metapsy project. The dataset contains study information and effect size data of perinatal depression psychological intervention trials. The date of the last search update is provided here.

This dataset includes lifestyle vs. control (ls vs ctr); music therapy vs. control (msc vs ctr); nutrition vs. control (nut vs ctr); physical activity vs. control (pa vs ctr); psychosocial vs. control (psc vs ctr); and psychotherapy vs. control (psy vs ctr) comparisons (this information is included in the comparison column).

The dataset follows the Metapsy data standard.


Affiliated Institutions

University of Seville


Online Meta-Analysis Tool

A simplified version of this database can be analyzed at metapsy.org/database/depression-perinatal.


Metadata

  • metapsyData Shorthand: depression-perinatal-psyctr
  • Number of Studies: 223
  • Latest Version: 26.0.1
  • Last updated: January 26, 2026
  • Last search: December 6, 2022
  • Search String (Latest Version): ↗
  • Data Repository (Latest Version): ↗
  • Preregistration (Research Domain): ↗
  • License: ODC-By v1.0 ↗
  • Database DOI:

  • Version 26.0.1 (January 26, 2026):
  • Version 26.0.0 (January 26, 2026):

Variable Description

VariableDescription
studyAuthor and year of publication
condition_arm1Type of treatment (bat= Behavioral activation therapy; cbt= Cognitive behavior therapy; co-pa= Coparenting; cogch= Children cognition; cng= Counseling; hrbs= Herbal medicines; hu= Humanistic therapy; imssg= Infant massage; ipt= Interpersonal therapy; mct= Metacognitive therapy; mdf= Mindfulness; mixedls= Mixed lifestyles; mot= Motivational interview; msc= Music therapy; mssg= Massage; nut= Nutrition; pa= Physical activity; pers= Person centered principles; pil= Pilates; posit= Positive psychology; pst= Problem solving therapy; psyedu= Psychoeducation; rebt= Rational emotive behavior therapy; sft= Solution focused therapy; slf-h= Self help group; sp= Support group; ss= Social support; ssc= Skin to skin contact; strs= Stress management; wrt= Writing; yg= Yoga)
condition_arm2Type of comparator (cau= Care as usual; ecau= Enhanced care as usual; noint= No intervention; otherctr= Other type of inactive control group; plnut= Nutritional placebo; psyac= Psychological attention control; wl= Waitlist)
multi_arm1In multiarm trials, this variable provides a specification of the type of treatment used in the first arm. This variable is set to NA (missing) when the study was not a multiarm trial. For example, if a multiarm trial employed two types of CBT interventions, face-to-face and Internet-based, this variable would be set to f2f and Internet, respectively.
multi_arm2In multiarm trials, this variable provides a specification of the type of treatment used in the second arm. This variable is set to NA (missing) when the study was not a multiarm trial. For example, if a multiarm trial employed two types of control groups, waitlist and placebo, this variable would be set to wl and plac, respectively. Typically, multiarm trials employ two or more active treatments (e.g. CBT and problem-solving therapy), which are compared to the same control group (e.g. a waitlist). This means that values in multi_arm2 do not differ (e.g. they are always wl for this specific multiarm trial); nevertheless, the variable should be specified in the dataset.
outcome_typeThis variable encodes the type of outcome that builds the basis of the comparison, e.g. response, remission or deterioration. This is variable is particularly relevant for dichotomous effect size data, because it indicates what the event counts refer to. The msd factor level is typically used for outcomes expressed in means and standard deviations.
instrumentThis variable describes the instrument through which the relevant outcome was measured
timeThe measurement point at which the outcome was obtained (e.g. post or follow-up).
time_weeksThe measurement point at which the outcome was obtained, in weeks regarding the time weeks qual variable
ratingThis variable encodes if the measured outcome was self-reported (self-report) or clinician-rated (clinician).
mean_arm1Mean of the outcome in the first arm at the measured time point.
mean_arm2Mean of the outcome in the second arm at the measured time point
sd_arm1Standard deviation of the outcome in the first arm at the measured time point
sd_arm2Standard deviation of the outcome in the second arm at the measured time point
n_arm1Sample size in the first trial arm
n_arm2Sample size in the second trial arm
event_arm1Number of events (responders, remission, deterioration cases) in the first trial arm
event_arm2Number of events (responders, remission, deterioration cases) in the second trial arm
totaln_arm1Total number of participants arm 1 (event data)
totaln_arm2Total number of participants arm 2 (event data)
mean_change_arm1Mean score change between baseline and the measured time point in the first arm
mean_change_arm2Mean score change between baseline and the measured time point in the second arm
sd_change_arm1Standard deviation of the mean change in the first arm
sd_change_arm2Standard deviation of the mean change in the second arm
n_change_arm1Sample size in the first trial arm
n_change_arm2Sample size in the second trial arm
precalc_gThe pre-calculated value of Hedges' g (small-sample bias corrected standardized mean difference; Hedges, 1981)
precalc_g_seStandard error of g
baseline_m_arm1Baseline mean arm 1
baseline_sd_arm1Baseline standard deviation arm 1
baseline_n_arm1Number of participants at baseline arm 1
baseline_m_arm2Baseline mean arm 2
baseline_sd_arm2Baseline standard deviation arm 2
baseline_n_arm2Number of participants at baseline arm 2
yearYear of publication
time_weeks_qualpostintervention; postpartum; postrandomization; prepartum
formatcpl= Couple therapy; grp= Group; gsh= Guided self-help; ind= Individual; oth= Other (mixed formats); tel= Telephone; ush= Unguided self-help
n_sessionsThe number of sessions is the number of planned sessions, but when the realized number of sessions is given this is preferred. Only full numbers are given (no decimals).
countryau= Australia; brz= Brazil; can= Canada; chi= China; col= Colombia; den= Denmark; fr= France; ger= Germany; hk= Hong Kong; hng= Hungary; indi= India; iran= Iran; ire= Ireland; ita= Italy; jam= Jamaica; jp= Japan; mal= Malawi; mc= Multicountry; nep= Nepal; neth= The Netherlands; nor= Norway; nz= New Zealand; pt= Portugal; rom= Romania; sa= South Africa; sco= Scotland; sing= Singapore; sk= South Korea; sp= Spain; swd= Sweden; swi= Switzerland; tan= Tanzania; thai= Thailand; tur= Turkey; twn= Taiwan; uk= United Kingdom; us= USA; zim= Zimbabwe
age_groupaadult= Adolescent and adults; adol= Adolescents; adul= Adults
mean_ageAverage age for the overall sample. When reported per condition, please calculate the weighted average
recruitmentclin= Clinical; com= Community; int= Internet; oth= Other recruitment methods
target_grouppostpartum women only; pregnant and postpartum women; pregnant women only
d1high risk; low risk; some concerns
d2high risk; low risk; some concerns
d3high risk; low risk; some concerns
d4high risk; low risk; some concerns
d5high risk; low risk; some concerns
robhigh risk; low risk; some concerns
full_refFull reference of the study
intervention_provideradvocate; audio file; bachelor; coach; community health worker; community visitor; coordinator; counselor; doctor; doula; encapsulation provider; exercise instructor; facilitator; fitness specialist; grandmother; gynecologist; health care professional; health educator; health visitor; home visitor; internet; interventionist; lactation consultant; legal and finances advisor; massage therapist; mentor; midwife; mobilephone; multiple health professionals; music therapist; nature coach; nurse; nurture specialist; obstetrician; occupational therapist; paediatrician; paraprofessional; pharmaceutical company; pharmacist; physician; physiotherapist; pilates trainer; practitioner; primary care provider; psychiatrist; psychologist; psychotherapist; research staff; researcher; self-administered; social worker; support worker; therapist; trained health worker; trained instructor; volunteers; writing material; yoga instructor
excluded_depression_baselineno; yes
type_of_preventionindicated; selective; universal
prevention_ppd_outcomeinc= Incidence; sr= Symptom reduction
previous_history_of_depressionwomen with a previous history of depression; women with and without a previous history of depression; women without a previous history of depression
mean_age_arm1Average age in the intervention group
mean_age_arm2Average age in the control group
previous_deliveriesmultiparous; primiparous; primiparous and multiparous
intervention_timingpostpartum; prepartum; prepartum and postpartum
no.armsNumber of arms with the same measurement instrument within a study
is.multiarm0= no, 1= yes
primary_calculation1= Continuous; 2= Dichotomous; 3= Change from baseline; 4= Other (reported statistics)
comparisonls vs control= Lifestyle vs control; msc vs control= Music therapy vs control; nut vs control= Nutrition vs control; pa vs control= Physical activity vs control; psc vs control= Psychosocial vs control; psy vs control= Psychotherapy vs control
.idmetapsyTools generated variable: Unique identifier for a trial arm comparison/row.
.gmetapsyTools generated variable: Calculated effect size (Hedges' g).
.g_semetapsyTools generated variable: Standard error of Hedges' g.
.log_rrmetapsyTools generated variable: Calculated effect size (logeRR).
.log_rr_semetapsyTools generated variable: Standard error of logeRR.
.event_arm1metapsyTools generated variable: Number of events (responders, remission, deterioration cases) in the first trial arm.
.event_arm2metapsyTools generated variable: Number of events (responders, remission, deterioration cases) in the second trial arm.
.totaln_arm1metapsyTools generated variable: Total sample size in the first trial arm.
.totaln_arm2metapsyTools generated variable: Total sample size in the second trial arm.
precalc_log_rrThe pre-calculated value of the log-risk ratio logeRR, comparing events in the first arm to events in the second arm.
precalc_log_rr_seThe standard error of the log-risk ratio logeRR, comparing events in the first arm to events in the second arm.


Study References

  • Aguilar-Cordero, 2019: Aguilar-Cordero, M. J., Sánchez-García, J. C., Rodriguez-Blanque, R., Sánchez-López, A. M., & Mur-Villar, N. (2019). Moderate physical activity in an aquatic environment during pregnancy (SWEP study) and its influence in preventing postpartum depression. Journal of the American Psychiatric nurses association, 25(2), 112-121.https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390317753675
  • Ahmadpour, 2022: Ahmadpour, P., Moosavi, S., Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S., Jahanfar, S., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2022). Effect of implementing a birth plan on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 22(1), 862. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-05199-5
  • Alipour, 2020: Alipour, Z., Kazemi, A., Kheirabadi, G., & Eslami, A. A. (2020). Marital communication skills training to promote marital satisfaction and psychological health during pregnancy: a couple focused approach. Reproductive health, 17(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-0877-4.
  • Altazan, 2019: Altazan, A. D., Redman, L. M., Burton, J. H., Beyl, R. A., Cain, L. E., Sutton, E. F., & Martin, C. K. (2019). Mood and quality of life changes in pregnancy and postpartum and the effect of a behavioral intervention targeting excess gestational weight gain in women with overweight and obesity: a parallel-arm randomized controlled pilot trial. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 19(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2196-8.
  • Anton, 2015: Anton, R., & David, D. F. (2015). A randomized clinical trial of a new preventive rational emotive and behavioral therapeutical program of prepartum and postpartum emotional distress. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, 15(1), 3. https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-3651479591/a-randomized-clinical-trial-of-a-new-preventive-rational
  • Armstrong, 1999: Armstrong, K. L., Fraser, J. A., Dadds, M. R., & Morris, J. (1999). A randomized, controlled trial of nurse home visiting to vulnerable families with newborns. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 35(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1754.1999.00348.x.
  • Asadzadeh, 2020: Asadzadeh, L., Jafari, E., Kharaghani, R., & Taremian, F. (2020). Effectiveness of midwife-led brief counseling intervention on post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety symptoms of women experiencing a traumatic childbirth: a randomized controlled trial. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 20(1), 142. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-2826-1
  • Ashford, 2018: Ashford, M. T., Olander, E. K., Rowe, H., Fisher, J. R., & Ayers, S. (2018). Feasibility and Acceptability of a Web-Based Treatment with Telephone Support for Postpartum Women With Anxiety: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR mental health, 5(2), e19. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.9106
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  • Brugha, 2016: Brugha, T. S., Smith, J., Austin, J., Bankart, J., Patterson, M., Lovett, C., Morgan, Z., Morrell, C. J., & Slade, P. (2016). Can community midwives prevent antenatal depression? An external pilot study to test the feasibility of a cluster randomized controlled universal prevention trial. Psychological medicine, 46(2), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171500183X
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  • Chang, 2015: Chang, S. M., Grantham-McGregor, S. M., Powell, C. A., Vera-Hernández, M., Lopez-Boo, F., Baker-Henningham, H., & Walker, S. P. (2015). Integrating a Parenting Intervention With Routine Primary Health Care: A Cluster Randomized Trial. Pediatrics, 136(2), 272–280. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-0119
  • Cheng, 2018: Cheng, H., Yu, L., Wang, P., Jia, X., & Kong, W. (2018). Influences of family-centered maternity care nursing on puerperal depression of delivery women during puerperal period. Biomed Res, 29(4), 654-657.https://doi.org/10.4066/biomedicalresearch.29-17-2888
  • Christie, 2011: Christie, J., & Bunting, B. (2011). The effect of health visitors' postpartum home visit frequency on first-time mothers: cluster randomised trial. International journal of nursing studies, 48(6), 689–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.10.011
  • Coll, 2019: Coll, C. V. N., Domingues, M. R., Stein, A., da Silva, B. G. C., Bassani, D. G., Hartwig, F. P., da Silva, I. C. M., da Silveira, M. F., da Silva, S. G., & Bertoldi, A. D. (2019). Efficacy of Regular Exercise During Pregnancy on the Prevention of Postpartum Depression: The PAMELA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA network open, 2(1), e186861. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.6861
  • Comrie-Thomson, 2022: Comrie-Thomson, L., Webb, K., Patel, D., Wata, P., Kapamurandu, Z., Mushavi, A., Nicholas, M. A., Agius, P. A., Davis, J., & Luchters, S. (2022). Engaging women and men in the gender-synchronised, community-based Mbereko+Men intervention to improve maternal mental health and perinatal care-seeking in Manicaland, Zimbabwe: A cluster-randomised controlled pragmatic trial. Journal of global health, 12, 04042. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.12.04042
  • Cooijmans, 2022: Cooijmans, K. H. M., Beijers, R., Brett, B. E., & de Weerth, C. (2022). Daily mother-infant skin-to-skin contact and maternal mental health and postpartum healing: a randomized controlled trial. Scientific reports, 12(1), 10225. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14148-3
  • Cox, 2019: Cox, J. E., Harris, S. K., Conroy, K., Engelhart, T., Vyavaharkar, A., Federico, A., & Woods, E. R. (2019). A parenting and life skills intervention for teen mothers: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 143(3). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2303
  • Daley-McCoy, 2015: Daley-McCoy, C., Rogers, M., & Slade, P. (2015). Enhancing relationship functioning during the transition to parenthood: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Archives of women's mental health, 18(5), 681–692. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-015-0510-7
  • Dodd, 2016: Dodd, J. M., Newman, A., Moran, L. J., Deussen, A. R., Grivell, R. M., Yelland, L. N., Crowther, C. A., McPhee, A. J., Wittert, G., Owens, J. A., Turnbull, D., Robinson, J. S., & LIMIT Randomised Trial Group (2016). The effect of antenatal dietary and lifestyle advice for women who are overweight or obese on emotional well-being: the LIMIT randomized trial. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 95(3), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.12832
  • Doi, 2020: Doi, S., Fujiwara, T., Isumi, A., & Mitsuda, N. (2020). Preventing postpartum depressive symptoms using an educational video on infant crying: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Depression and anxiety, 37(5), 449-457. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23002
  • Du, 2014: Du, X., Ruan, S. P., & Zhu, J. F. (2014). Influence of group psychological intervention on anxiety, depression, and pregnancy outcomes in primiparous women. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi, 22(14), 2069–2072. https://doi.org/10.11569/wcjd.v22.i14.2069
  • Dugravier, 2013: Dugravier, R., Tubach, F., Saias, T., Guedeney, N., Pasquet, B., Purper-Ouakil, D., Tereno, S., Welniarz, B., Matos, J., CAPEDP Study Group, Guedeney, A., & Greacen, T. (2013). Impact of a manualized multifocal perinatal home-visiting program using psychologists on postnatal depression: the CAPEDP randomized controlled trial. PloS one, 8(8), e72216. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072216
  • Edwards, 1997: Edwards, N. C., & Sims-Jones, N. (1997). A randomized controlled trial of alternative approaches to community follow-up for postpartum women. Canadian journal of public health, 88(2), 123-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03403875
  • Ekrami, 2019: Ekrami, F., Mohammad-Alizadeh Charandabi, S., Babapour Kheiroddin, J., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2019). The Effect of Counselling on Depression and Anxiety of Women with Unplanned Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Community mental health journal, 55(6), 1047–1056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-019-00428-2
  • Escobar, 2001: Escobar, G. J., Braveman, P. A., Ackerson, L., Odouli, R., Coleman-Phox, K., Capra, A. M., ... & Lieu, T. A. (2001). A randomized comparison of home visits and hospital-based group follow-up visits after early postpartum discharge. Pediatrics, 108(3), 719-727.
  • Feinberg, 2008: Feinberg, M. E., & Kan, M. L. (2008). Establishing family foundations: intervention effects on coparenting, parent/infant well-being, and parent-child relations. Journal of family psychology, 22(2), 253. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2008-03770-008
  • Feinberg, 2016: Feinberg, M. E., Jones, D. E., Roettger, M. E., Hostetler, M. L., Sakuma, K. L., Paul, I. M., & Ehrenthal, D. B. (2016). Preventive Effects on Birth Outcomes: Buffering Impact of Maternal Stress, Depression, and Anxiety. Maternal and child health journal, 20(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-015-1801-3
  • Felder, 2017: Felder, J. N., Epel, E., Lewis, J. B., Cunningham, S. D., Tobin, J. N., Rising, S. S., Thomas, M., & Ickovics, J. R. (2017). Depressive symptoms and gestational length among pregnant adolescents: Cluster randomized control trial of CenteringPregnancy® plus group prenatal care. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 85(6), 574–584. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000191
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Database Flowchart

Studies in the depression-perinatal-psyctr dataset were extracted from the larger “psychobehavioral treatments for perinatal depression” database. The study flow of this database can be found below.

(n=11840)Records identified through database searches (n=73)Records identified through other sources (n=4190)Records after duplicate removal (n=7723)Records screened (n=7157)Records excluded (n=566)Full-text articles assessed for eligibility (n=343)Full-text excluded (n=223)Studies included in database (n=223)Studies included in dataset
  • Abstract congress: n=34
  • Intervention with available evidence of its effectiveness in preventing depression: n=1
  • Intervention not aimed at preventing depression: n=31
  • Insufficient statistical information to calculate effect sizes: n=80
  • No control group: n=9
  • No intervention group: n=1
  • No valid control group: n=6
  • Not depression as an outcome: n=32
  • Not found: n=36
  • Not perinatal period: n=32
  • Not randomized controlled trial: n=26
  • Not valid instrument: n=6
  • Pending assessment: n=49


Citation

Emma Motrico , Irene Gómez-Gómez , Carlos Barquero-Jimenez , Alessia Caffieri , Paula de-Juan-Iglesias , Lennert Goossens , Isabel Caceres , Rosalba Company Córdoba , Pim Cuijpers , Mathias Harrer , Clara Miguel (2026) . Database of perinatal depression trials comparing psychological intervention with control conditions. Part of the Metapsy project (Version 26.0.1 ). URL docs.metapsy.org/databases/depression-perinatal-psyctr. DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18378280 .

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