Peer Support Interventions

Dorien Smit

, Clara Miguel

, Janna Vrijsen

, Bart Groeneweg

, Jan Spijker

, Pim Cuijpers

Interested in using this database for your research?

Please note that more recent versions of this database may be available internally. If you require more recent data or want to discuss your research ideas, please contact us at metapsy@vu.nl↗.

General Description

The data-peer-support dataset is a meta-analytic research domain (MARD) which is part of the Metapsy project. The dataset contains study information and effect size data of randomized trials on peer support interventions for individuals with mental illness. More details about this database can be accessed in the published meta-analysis.

This dataset includes peer support interventions (PSIs) vs. control (PSIs vs ctr) comparisons. Effect sizes are provided for three types of recovery outcomes at post-test: clinical recovery, personal recovery, and functional recovery. It includes one type of effect size calculation per study, giving priority to means and standard deviations at post-test, followed by change scores, binary outcomes, and other statistics.

The dataset follows the Metapsy data standard. All included information has been independently extracted by two researchers.

Affiliated Institutions

Radboud University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

Online Meta-Analysis Tool

A simplified version of this database can be analyzed at metapsy.org/database/peer-support.

Metadata

metapsyData Shorthand: peer-support
Number of Studies: 28
Latest Version: 23.0.3
Last updated: March 1, 2023
Last search: December 18, 2020
Search String (Latest Version): ↗
Data Repository (Latest Version): ↗
Preregistration (Research Domain): ↗
License: ODC-By v1.0 ↗
Database DOI:

Version 23.0.3 (March 1, 2023):
Version 23.0.2 (March 1, 2023):
Version 23.0.1 (March 1, 2023):

Variable Description

Variable	Description
`study`	Author and year of publication
`outcome_category`	clinical recovery; personal recovery; functional recovery. For definitions, see: https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn:cambridge.org:id:article:S0033291722002422/resource/name/S0033291722002422sup001.docx
`condition_arm1`	peer support for all studies
`condition_arm2`	Type of comparator (cau= care as usual, wl= waitlist, pha= pharmacological treatment, other = other type of inactive control group)
`multi_arm1`	In multiarm trials, this variable provides a specification of the type of treatment used in the first arm. This variable is set to NA (missing) when the study was not a multiarm trial. For example, if a multiarm trial employed two types of CBT interventions, face-to-face and Internet-based, this variable would be set to f2f and Internet, respectively.
`multi_arm2`	In multiarm trials, this variable provides a specification of the type of treatment used in the second arm. This variable is set to NA (missing) when the study was not a multiarm trial. For example, if a multiarm trial employed two types of control groups, waitlist and placebo, this variable would be set to wl and plac, respectively. Typically, multiarm trials employ two or more active treatments (e.g. CBT and problem-solving therapy), which are compared to the same control group (e.g. a waitlist). This means that values in multi_arm2 do not differ (e.g. they are always wl for this specific multiarm trial); nevertheless, the variable should be specified in the dataset.
`outcome_type`	This variable encodes the type of outcome that builds the basis of the comparison, e.g. response, remission or deterioration. This is variable is particularly relevant for dichotomous effect size data, because it indicates what the event counts refer to. The msd factor level is typically used for outcomes expressed in means and standard deviations.
`instrument`	This variable describes the instrument through which the relevant outcome was measured.
`outcome_subcategory`	exact outcome type (e.g. depression)
`time`	The measurement point at which the outcome was obtained (e.g. post or follow-up).
`time_weeks`	The measurement point at which the outcome was obtained, in weeks after randomization (set to NA if this information was not available).
`rating`	This variable encodes if the measured outcome was self-reported ("self-report") or clinician-rated ("clinician"). This variable has not been extracted for this database.
`mean_arm1`	Mean arm 1
`mean_arm2`	Mean arm 2
`sd_arm1`	Standard deviation arm 1
`sd_arm2`	Standard deviation arm 2
`n_arm1`	Number of participants arm 1
`n_arm2`	Number of participants arm 2
`mean_change_arm1`	Mean change from baseline arm 1
`mean_change_arm2`	Mean change from baseline arm 2
`sd_change_arm1`	Standard deviation for the change from baseline arm 1
`sd_change_arm2`	Standard deviation for the change from baseline arm 2
`n_change_arm1`	Number of participants arm 1 (change scores)
`n_change_arm2`	Number of participants arm 2 (change scores)
`dich`	Exact definition of the dichotomous outcome as provided in the publication: e.g."remission based on bdi-II<=8 and ham-d<=7"
`event_arm1`	Number of events (responders, remission, deterioration cases) in the first trial arm
`event_arm2`	Number of events (responders, remission, deterioration cases) in the second trial arm
`totaln_arm1`	Total number of participants arm 1 (event data)
`totaln_arm2`	Total number of participants arm 2 (event data)
`precalc_g`	The pre-calculated value of Hedges' g (small-sample bias corrected standardized mean difference; Hedges, 1981).
`precalc_g_se`	Standard error of g
`precalc_log_rr`	The pre-calculated value of the log-risk ratio logeRR, comparing events in the first arm to events in the second arm.
`precalc_log_rr_se`	The standard error of the log-risk ratio logeRR, comparing events in the first arm to events in the second arm.
`baseline_m_arm1`	Baseline mean arm 1
`baseline_sd_arm1`	Baseline standard deviation arm 1
`baseline_n_arm1`	Number of participants at baseline arm 1
`baseline_m_arm2`	Baseline mean arm 2
`baseline_sd_arm2`	Baseline standard deviation arm 2
`baseline_n_arm2`	Number of participants at baseline arm 2
`year`	year of publication
`country`	exact country where the study was conducted
`specific_group`	Whether the population is a specific subgroup of the general community (e.g., cultural background such as Latino’s) or a patient subgroup (e.g., perinatal depression): yes, no
`perinatal`	If the study focuses on perinatal mental health (yes, no)
`disorder`	mental health problem in which the study is focused: depression, SMI (severe mental illness), other
`diagnosis_inclusion`	inclusion based on clinical diagnosis; elevated symptos (based on validated cut-off); other methods
`recruitment`	Clinical; Other; General population; Mixed
`in_out_patients`	if the study included an inpatient sample, outpatients, or both
`percent_women`	% of women at baseline
`mean_age`	Average age
`format`	group; individual
`delivery`	face to face; telephone; Internet; Mixed
`delivery2`	In person; In distance; Mixed
`duration_int`	total duration of the intervention
`structure_intervention`	Whether the peer support intervention was structured (peer leaders followed a manual or pre-determined topics) or not (no manual, meetings based on mutual support solely).
`RoB_D1`	Domain 1: Bias arising from the randomization process
`RoB_D2`	Domain 2: Deviations from the intended interventions
`RoB_D3`	Domain 3: Missing outcome data
`RoB_D4`	Domain 4: Inappropriate measurement of the outcome
`RoB_D5`	Domain 5: Selection of the reported results
`overall_RoB`	Overall risk of bias rating
`.id`	metapsyTools generated variable: Unique identifier for a trial arm comparison/row.
`.g`	metapsyTools generated variable: Calculated effect size (Hedges' g).
`.g_se`	metapsyTools generated variable: Standard error of Hedges' g.

Study References

Boevink, 2016: Boevink, W., Kroon, H., van Vugt, M., Delespaul, P., & van Os, J. (2016). A user-developed, user run recovery programme for people with severe mental illness: A randomised control trial. Psychosis, 8, 287-300.
Castelein, 2008: Castelein, S., Bruggeman, R., van Busschbach, J. T., van der Gaag, M., Stant, A. D., Knegtering, H., & Wiersma, D. (2008). The effectiveness of peer support groups in psychosis: A randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(1), 64-72.
Cook, 2012a: Cook, J. A., Copeland, M. E., Floyd, C. B., Jonikas, J. A., Hamilton, M. M., Razzano, L., . . . Boyd, S. (2012a). A randomized controlled trial of effects of Wellness Recovery Action Planning on depression, anxiety, and recovery. Psychiatr Serv, 63(6), 541-547.
Cook, 2012b: Cook, J. A., Steigman, P., Pickett, S., Diehl, S., Fox, A., Shipley, P., . . . Burke-Miller, J. K. (2012b). Randomized controlled trial of peer-led recovery education using Building Recovery of Individual Dreams and Goals through Education and Support (BRIDGES). Schizophr Res, 136(1), 36-42.
Corrigan, 2018: Corrigan, P., Sheehan, L., Morris, S., Larson, J. E., Torres, A., Lara, J. L., . . . Doing, S. (2018). The Impact of a Peer Navigator Program in Addressing the Health Needs of Latinos With Serious Mental Illness. Psychiatr Serv, 69(4), 456-461.
Corrigan, 2017: Corrigan, P. W., Kraus, D. J., Pickett, S. A., Schmidt, A., Stellon, E., Hantke, E., & Lara, J. L. (2017). Using Peer Navigators to Address the Integrated Health Care Needs of Homeless African Americans With Serious Mental Illness. Psychiatr Serv, 68(3), 264-270.
Craig, 2004: Craig T, Doherty I, Jamieson-Craig R, et al: The consumer-employee as a member of a Mental Health Assertive Outreach Team: I. clinical and social outcomes. Journal of Mental Health 13:59–69, 2004
Davidson, 2004: Davidson, L., Shahar, G., Stayner, D. A., Chinman, M. J., Rakfeldt, J., & Tebes, J. K. (2004). Supported socialization for people with psychiatric disabilities: Lessons from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(4), 453-477.
Dennis, 2003: Dennis, C. L. (2003). The effect of peer support on postpartum depression: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Can J Psychiatry, 48(2), 115-124.
Dennis, 2009: Dennis, C. L., Hodnett, E., Kenton, L., Weston, J., Zupancic, J., Stewart, D. E., & Kiss, A. (2009). Effect of peer support on prevention of postnatal depression among high risk women: multisite randomised controlled trial. Bmj, 338, a3064.
Gjerdingen, 2013: Gjerdingen, D. K., McGovern, P., Pratt, R., Johnson, L., & Crow, S. (2013). Postpartum doula and peer telephone support for postpartum depression: a pilot randomized controlled trial. J Prim Care Community Health, 4(1), 36-43.
Griffiths, 2012: Griffiths, K. M., Mackinnon, A. J., Crisp, D. A., Christensen, H., Bennett, K., & Farrer, L. (2012). The effectiveness of an online support group for members of the community with depression: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS One, 7(12).
Johnson, 2018: Johnson, S., Lamb, D., Marston, L., Osborn, D., Mason, O., Henderson, C., . . . Lloyd-Evans, B. (2018). Peer-supported self-management for people discharged from a mental health crisis team: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 392(10145), 409-418.
Kaplan, 2011: Kaplan, K., Salzer, M. S., Solomon, P., Brusilovskiy, E., & Cousounis, P. (2011). Internet peer support for individuals with psychiatric disabilities: A randomized controlled trial. Soc Sci Med, 72(1), 54-62.
Letourneau, 2011: Letourneau, N., Stewart, M., Dennis, C. L., Hegadoren, K., Duffett-Leger, L., & Watson, B. (2011). Effect of home-based peer support on maternal-infant interactions among women with postpartum depression: a randomized, controlled trial. Int J Ment Health Nurs, 20(5), 345-357.
Ludman, 2007: Ludman, E. J., Simon, G. E., Grothaus, L. C., Luce, C., Markley, D. K., & Schaefer, J. (2007). A pilot study of telephone care management and structured disease self-management groups for chronic depression. Psychiatr Serv, 58(8), 1065-1072. a
Mahlke, 2017: Mahlke, C. I., Priebe, S., Heumann, K., Daubmann, A., Wegscheider, K., & Bock, T. (2017). Effectiveness of one-to-one peer support for patients with severe mental illness-A randomised controlled trial. European Psychiatry, 42, 103-110.
O'Connell, 2018: O'Connell, M. J., Sledge, W. H., Staeheli, M., Sells, D., Costa, M., Wieland, M., & Davidson, L. (2018). Outcomes of a Peer Mentor Intervention for Persons With Recurrent Psychiatric Hospitalization. Psychiatr Serv, 69(7), 760-767.
Pfeiffer, 2019: Pfeiffer, P. N., King, C., Ilgen, M., Ganoczy, D., Clive, R., Garlick, J., . . . Valenstein, M. (2019). Development and pilot study of a suicide prevention intervention delivered by peer support specialists. Psychol Serv, 16(3), 360-371.
Ranzenhofer, 2020: Ranzenhofer, L. M., Wilhelmy, M., Hochschild, A., Sanzone, K., Walsh, B. T., & Attia, E. (2020). Peer mentorship as an adjunct intervention for the treatment of eating disorders: A pilot randomized trial. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(5), 497-509.
Rivera, 2007: Rivera, J. J., Sullivan, A. M., & Valenti, S. S. (2007). Adding consumer-providers to intensive case management: does it improve outcome?. Psychiatric Services, 58(6), 802-809.
Rogers, 2016: Rogers, E. S., Maru, M., Johnson, G., Cohee, J., Hinkel, J., & Hashemi, L. (2016). A randomized trial of individual peer support for adults with psychiatric disabilities undergoing civil commitment. Psychiatr Rehabil J, 39(3), 248-255.
Rüsch, 2014: Rüsch, N., Abbruzzese, E., Hagedorn, E., Hartenhauer, D., Kaufmann, I., Curschellas, J., . . . Corrigan, P. W. (2014). Efficacy of Coming Out Proud to reduce stigma's impact among people with mental illness: pilot randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry, 204(5), 391-397.
Russinova, 2014: Russinova, Z., Rogers, E. S., Gagne, C., Bloch, P., Drake, K. M., & Mueser, K. T. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of a peer-run antistigma photovoice intervention. Psychiatr Serv, 65(2), 242-246.
Salzer, 2016: Salzer, M. S., Rogers, J., Salandra, N., O'Callaghan, C., Fulton, F., Balletta, A. A., . . . Brusilovskiy, E. (2016). Effectiveness of peer-delivered Center for Independent Living supports for individuals with psychiatric disabilities: A randomized, controlled trial. Psychiatr Rehabil J, 39(3), 239-247.
Shorey, 2019: Shorey, S., Chee, C. Y. I., Ng, E. D., Lau, Y., Dennis, C. L., & Chan, Y. H. (2019). Evaluation of a Technology-Based Peer-Support Intervention Program for Preventing Postnatal Depression (Part 1): Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res, 21(8), e12410.
Solomon, 1995: Solomon P, Draine J: The efficacy of a consumer case management team: 2-year outcomes of a randomized trial. Journal of Mental Health Administration 22:135–146, 1995
van Gestel-Timmermans, 2012: van Gestel-Timmermans, H., Brouwers, E. P., van Assen, M. A., & van Nieuwenhuizen, C. (2012). Effects of a peer-run course on recovery from serious mental illness: a randomized controlled trial. Psychiatr Serv, 63(1), 54-60.

Database Flowchart

The study flow of this database can be found below.

Different type of intervention: n=26
Different population: n=15
Design: n=6
Type of comparator: n=1
Other types of outcomes: n=9
Conference abstracts: n=11
Companion papers: n=13
Dissertations: n=2
Full-text not available: n=3
Not enough data for effect sizes: n=6
Duplicate: n=1
Relatives of patients with mental disorders: n=10
included only in systematic review: n=2

Further Information

The full protocol of the METAPSY project, depression MARD ↗
The main paper reporting the results of a meta-analysis using the peer support database ↗
A paper summarizing main results of the Metapsy depression domain ↗
Published meta-analyses using the depression database ↗
Published 'individual participant data' meta-analyses, based on the database ↗