Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Psychotherapy vs. Control

Davide Papola

General Description

The gad-psyctr dataset is a meta-analytic research domain MARD) on psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This MARD is part of the Metapsy project. The dataset contains study information and effect size data of trials that report the effect of psychotherapy on GAD symptoms. This dataset includes psychotherapy vs. control (‘psy vs ctr’) comparisons. Effect sizes are provided for outcomes at post-test. The results of a network meta-analysis using this database can be read in this published article.

The dataset follows the Metapsy data standard. All included information has been independently extracted two researchers. Risk of bias ratings were conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (Version 2).


Affiliated Institutions

Harvard Medical School, University of Verona


Online Meta-Analysis Tool

A simplified version of this database can be analyzed at metapsy.org/database/gad.


Metadata

  • metapsyData Shorthand: gad-psyctr
  • Number of Studies: 50
  • Latest Version: 23.0.4
  • Last updated: April 17, 2024
  • Last search: January 1, 2023
  • Search String (Latest Version): ↗
  • Data Repository (Latest Version): ↗
  • Preregistration (Research Domain): ↗
  • License: ODC-By v1.0 ↗
  • Database DOI:

  • Version 23.0.4 (April 17, 2024):
  • Version 23.0.3 (April 13, 2024):
  • Version 23.0.2 (November 22, 2023):
  • Version 23.0.1 (November 22, 2023):
  • Version 23.0.0 (November 22, 2023):

Variable Description

VariableDescription
studyAuthor and year of publication
condition_arm1Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT); Cognitive Restructuring (CR); Behaviour therapy (BT); Behavioural activation (BAT); Problem-solving therapy (PST); Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT); Third wave therapies (3rd); Psychodynamic Therapy (DYN); Non-directive supportive therapy (SUP); Applied relaxation (AR)Psychoeducation (PE); Other types of psychotherapies that do not correspond with the major types described previously (Other psy)
condition_arm2Care as usual (CAU); waitlist (WL); Placebo (PL); Other control (Other ctr)
multi_arm1In multiarm trials, this variable provides a specification of the type of treatment used in the first arm. This variable is set to NA (missing) when the study was not a multiarm trial. For example, if a multiarm trial employed two types of CBT interventions, face-to-face and Internet-based, this variable would be set to f2f and Internet, respectively.
multi_arm2In multiarm trials, this variable provides a specification of the type of treatment used in the second arm. This variable is set to NA (missing) when the study was not a multiarm trial. For example, if a multiarm trial employed two types of control groups, waitlist and placebo, this variable would be set to wl and plac, respectively. Typically, multiarm trials employ two or more active treatments (e.g. CBT and problem-solving therapy), which are compared to the same control group (e.g. a waitlist). This means that values in multi_arm2 do not differ (e.g. they are always wl for this specific multiarm trial); nevertheless, the variable should be specified in the dataset.
descr_igFurther description of arm 1
descr_cgFurther description of arm 2
comparisonComparison in that row (PSY vs CTR, PSY vs PSY, PSY vs PHA, etc.)
outcome_typeThis variable encodes the type of outcome that builds the basis of the comparison, e.g. response, remission or deterioration. This is variable is particularly relevant for dichotomous effect size data, because it indicates what the event counts refer to. The msd factor level is typically used for outcomes expressed in means and standard deviations.
sampleintention to treat sample vs completers
outcome_domainGeneralized anxiety symptoms (GAD); general anxiety scales (gen anx); Global severity rated by clinicians (global clin); worry
instrumentThis variable describes the instrument through which the relevant outcome was measured.
ratingThis variable encodes if the measured outcome was self-reported ("self-report") or clinician-rated ("clinician").
timeThe measurement point at which the outcome was obtained (e.g. post or follow-up).
time_weeksThe measurement point at which the outcome was obtained, in weeks after randomization (set to NA if this information was not available).
mean_arm1Mean arm 1
sd_arm1Standard deviation arm 1
n_arm1Number of participants arm 1
mean_arm2Mean arm 2
sd_arm2Standard deviation arm 2
n_arm2Number of participants arm 2
baseline_mean_arm1Baseline mean arm 1
baseline_sd_arm1Baseline standard deviation arm 1
baseline_n_arm1Number of participants at baseline arm 1
baseline_mean_arm2Baseline mean arm 2
baseline_sd_arm2Baseline standard deviation arm 2
baseline_n_arm2Number of participants at baseline arm 2
dichBroader categories of dichotomous outcomes: remission, response, etc.
dich_typeExact definition of the dichotomous outcome as provided in the publication: e.g."remission based on bdi-II<=8 and ham-d<=7"
event_arm1Number of events (responders, remission, deterioration cases) in the first trial arm
event_arm2Number of events (responders, remission, deterioration cases) in the second trial arm
totaln_arm1Total number of participants arm 1 (randomized)
totaln_arm2Total number of participants arm 2 (randomized)
dropout_n_arm1Attrition arm 1
dropout_n_arm2Attrition arm 2
mean_change_arm1Mean change from baseline arm 1
mean_change_arm2Mean change from baseline arm 2
sd_change_arm1Standard deviation for the change from baseline arm 1
sd_change_arm2Standard deviation for the change from baseline arm 2
n_change_arm1Number of participants arm 1 (change scores)
n_change_arm2Number of participants arm 2 (change scores)
other_statisticOther statistics for effect size calculation
precalc_gThe pre-calculated value of Hedges' g (small-sample bias corrected standardized mean difference; Hedges, 1981).
precalc_g_seStandard error of g
precalc_log_rrThe pre-calculated value of the log-risk ratio logeRR, comparing events in the first arm to events in the second arm.
precalc_log_rr_seThe standard error of the log-risk ratio logeRR, comparing events in the first arm to events in the second arm.
yearYear of publication
comorbid_mentalAll the participants are recruited based on meeting criteria for a comorbid mental health disorder (e.g. anxiety and depression). Coded as y= yes, n= no
formatind= individual; grp= group; gsh= guided self-help; tel= telephone; cpl= couple therapy; oth= other (mixed formats); ush= unguided self-help
format_detailsIt includes more details about the format, when necessary
n_sessions_igAverage number of sessions received
countryus= USA; uk= United Kingdom; eu= Europe; can= Canada; au= australia; eas= east asia; oth= other
age_groupadul= adults, 5= older adults (≥55 years); old= older old adults (≥75 years)
mean_ageAverage age
percent_women% of women at baseline
recruitmentcom= community; clin= clinical; oth= other
diagnosisgad = generalized anxiety disorder
target_groupadul= adults, old= older adults, stud= student population, ppd= women with perinatal depression; med= comorbid medical disorder; oth= other
d1Risk of Bias for Domain 1: Bias arising from the randomization process
d2Risk of Bias for Domain 2: Deviations from the intended interventions
d3Risk of Bias for Domain 3: Missing outcome data
d4Risk of Bias for Domain 4: Inappropriate measurement of the outcome
d5Risk of Bias for Domain 5: Selection of the reported results
ROBOverall Risk of Bias score for the study
ittIntention to treat analysis were conducted: yes=1, no=0; 2= unclear
no.armsnumber of arms with same measurement instrument in study
is.multiarm0, 1
full_refFull reference of the study


Study References

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  • Andersson, 2012: Andersson, G., Paxling, B., Roch-Norlund, P., Ostman, G., Norgren, A., Almlov, J., . . . Silverberg, F. (2012). Internet-based psychodynamic versus cognitive behavioral guided self-help for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom, 81(6), 344-355. doi:10.1159/000339392
  • Bakhshani, 2007: Bakhshani, N. M., Lashkaripour, K., & Sadjadi, S. A. (2007). Effectiveness of short term cognitive behavior therapy in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(7), 1076-1081. doi:10.3923/jms.2007.1076.1083
  • Barlow, 1992: Barlow, D. H., Rapee, R. M., & Brown, T. A. (1992). Behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 23(4), 551-570. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80221-21
  • Berger, 2017: Berger, T., Urech, A., Krieger, T., Stolz, T., Schulz, A., Vincent, A., ... & Meyer, B. (2017). Effects of a transdiagnostic unguided Internet intervention (‘velibra’) for anxiety disorders in primary care: results of a randomized controlled trial. Psychological medicine, 47(1), 67-80.
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  • Carl, 2020: Carl, J. R., Miller, C. B., Henry, A. L., Davis, M. L., Stott, R., Smits, J. A. J., . . . Espie, C. A. (2020). Efficacy of digital cognitive behavioral therapy for moderate-to-severe symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Depression and Anxiety. doi:10.1002/da.23079
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  • Dugas, 2003: Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R., Leger, E., Freeston, M. H., Langlois, F., Provencher, M. D., & Boisvert, J. M. (2003). Group cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: treatment outcome and long-term follow-up. J Consult Clin Psychol, 71(4), 821-825. 
  • Dugas, 2022: Dugas, M. J., Sexton, K. A., Hebert, E. A., Bouchard, S., Gouin, J.-P., & Shafran, R. (2022). Behavioral experiments for intolerance of uncertainty: A randomized clinical trial for adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 53(6), 1147-1160. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.05.003
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  • Ladouceur, 2000: Ladouceur, R., Dugas, M. J., Freeston, M. H., Leger, E., Gagnon, F., & Thibodeau, N. (2000). Efficacy of a cognitive-behavioral treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: evaluation in a controlled clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol, 68(6), 957-964. 
  • Levy Berg, 2009: Levy Berg, A., Sandell, R., & Sandahl, C. (2009). Affect-focused body psychotherapy in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluation of an integrative method. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 19, 67-85. doi:10.1037/a0015324
  • Linden, 2005: Linden, M., Zubraegel, D., Baer, T., Franke, U., & Schlattmann, P. (2005). Efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy in generalized anxiety disorders. Results of a controlled clinical trial (Berlin CBT-GAD Study). Psychother Psychosom, 74(1), 36-42. doi:10.1159/000082025
  • Lindsay, 1987: Lindsay, W. R., Gamsu, C. V., McLaughlin, E., Hood, E. M., & Espie, C. A. (1987). A controlled trial of treatments for generalized anxiety. British journal of clinical psychology, 26 ( Pt 1), 3‐15. Retrieved from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-00210383/full
  • Lorian, 2012: Lorian, C. N., Titov, N., & Grisham, J. R. (2012). Changes in risk-taking over the course of an internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy treatment for generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord, 26(1), 140-149. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.10.003
  • Mennin, 2018: Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., O'Toole, M. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018). A randomized controlled trial of emotion regulation therapy for generalized anxiety disorder with and without co-occurring depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(3), 268-281. doi:10.1037/ccp0000289
  • Mohlman, 2003: Mohlman, J., Gorenstein, E. E., Kleber, M., De Jesus, M., Gorman, J. M., & Papp, L. A. (2003). Standard and enhanced cognitive-behavior therapy for late-life generalized anxiety disorder: Two pilot investigations. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 11(1), 24-32. doi:10.1097/00019442-200301000-00005
  • Newman, 2020: Newman, M. G., Jacobson, N. C., Rackoff, G. N., Bell, M. J., & Taylor, C. B. (2020). A randomized controlled trial of a smartphone-based application for the treatment of anxiety. Psychother Res, 1-12. doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1790688
  • Nordahl, 2018: Nordahl, H. M., Borkovec, T. D., Hagen, R., Kennair, L. E. O., Hjemdal, O., Solem, S., . . . Wells, A. (2018). Metacognitive therapy versus cognitive-behavioural therapy in adults with generalised anxiety disorder. BJPsych Open, 4(5), 393-400. doi:10.1192/bjo.2018.54
  • Orvati Aziz, 2020: Orvati Aziz, M., Mehrinejad, S. A., Hashemian, K., & Paivastegar, M. (2020). Integrative therapy (short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy & cognitive-behavioral therapy) and cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract, 39, 101122. doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2020.101122
  • Pallavicini, 2009: Pallavicini, F., Algeri, D., Repetto, C., Gorini, A., & Riva, G. (2009). Biofeedback, virtual reality and mobile phones in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (gad): A phase-2 controlled clinical trial. Journal of Cyber Therapy and Rehabilitation, 2(4), 315-327. Retrieved from http://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&from=export&id=L362154058
  • Paxling, 2011: Paxling, B., Almlov, J., Dahlin, M., Carlbring, P., Breitholtz, E., Eriksson, T., & Andersson, G. (2011). Guided internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Cogn Behav Ther, 40(3), 159-173. doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.576699
  • Power, 1989: Power, K. G., Jerrom, D. W. A., Simpson, R. J., Mitchell, M. J., & Swanson, V. (1989). A controlled comparison of Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy, Diazepam and Placebo in the management of generalized anxiety. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 17(1), 1-14. Retrieved from http://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&from=export&id=L19077017
  • Power, 1990: Power, K. G., Simpson, R. J., Swanson, V., & Wallace, L. A. (1990). Controlled comparison of pharmacological and psychological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in primary care. Br J Gen Pract, 40(336), 289-294. Retrieved from https://bjgp.org/content/bjgp/40/336/289.full.pdf
  • Richards, 2016: Richards, D., Timulak, L., Rashleigh, C., McLoughlin, O., Colla, A., Joyce, C., . . . Anderson-Gibbons, M. (2016). Effectiveness of an internet-delivered intervention for generalized anxiety disorder in routine care: A randomised controlled trial in a student population. Internet Interventions, 6, 80-88. doi:10.1016/j.invent.2016.10.003
  • Robinson, 2010: Robinson, E., Titov, N., Andrews, G., McIntyre, K., Schwencke, G., & Solley, K. (2010). Internet treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial comparing clinician vs. technician assistance. PLoS One, 5(6), e10942. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010942
  • Roemer, 2008: Roemer, L., Orsillo, S. M., & Salters-Pedneault, K. (2008). Efficacy of an acceptance-based behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol, 76(6), 1083-1089. doi:10.1037/a0012720
  • Rogiers, 2021: Rogiers, R., Baeken, C., Van den Abbeele, D., Watkins, E. R., Remue, J., Colman, R., . . . Lemmens, G. M. D. (2021). Group Intervention ‘Drop it!’ Decreases Repetitive Negative Thinking in Major Depressive Disorder and/or Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomised Controlled Study. Cognitive Therapy and Research. doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10240-6
  • Roy, 2021: Roy, A., Hoge, E. A., Abrante, P., Druker, S., Liu, T., & Brewer, J. A. (2021). Clinical Efficacy and Psychological Mechanisms of an App-Based Digital Therapeutic for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(12). doi:10.2196/26987
  • Roy-Byrne, 2010: Roy-Byrne, P., Craske, M. G., Sullivan, G., Rose, R. D., Edlund, M. J., Lang, A. J., ... & Stein, M. B. (2010). Delivery of evidence-based treatment for multiple anxiety disorders in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. Jama, 303(19), 1921-1928.
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  • Stanley, 2016: Stanley, M. A., Beck, J. G., Novy, D. M., Averill, P. M., Swann, A. C., & Diefenbach, G. J. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of late-life generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 309‐319. Retrieved from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-00431425/full
  • Stanley, 2009: Stanley, M. A., Beck, J. G., Novy, D. M., Averill, P. M., Swann, A. C., & Diefenbach, G. J. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of late-life generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 309‐319. Retrieved from https://www.cochranelibrary.com/central/doi/10.1002/central/CN-00431425/full
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  • Van der Heiden, 2012: van der Heiden, C., Muris, P., & van der Molen, H. T. (2012). Randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and intolerance-of-uncertainty therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. Behav Res Ther, 50(2), 100-109. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.12.005
  • Vera, 2021: Vera, M., Obén, A., Juarbe, D., Hernández, N., & Pérez-Pedrogo, C. (2021). Randomized pilot trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and acceptance-based behavioral therapy in the treatment of Spanish-speaking Latino primary care patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy, 31(2), 91-103. doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2020.11.007
  • Wetherell, 2003: Wetherell, J. L., Gatz, M., & Craske, M. G. (2003). Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in older adults. J Consult Clin Psychol, 71(1), 31-40. 
  • Wong, 2016: Wong, S. Y., Yip, B. H., Mak, W. W., Mercer, S., Cheung, E. Y., Ling, C. Y., . . . Ma, H. S. (2016). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy v. group psychoeducation for people with generalised anxiety disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry, 209(1), 68-75. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.115.166124
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  • Zinbarg, 2007: Zinbarg, R. E., Lee, J. E., & Yoon, K. L. (2007). Dyadic predictors of outcome in a cognitive-behavioral program for patients with generalized anxiety disorder in committed relationships: a "spoonful of sugar" and a dose of non-hostile criticism may help. Behav Res Ther, 45(4), 699-713. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.06.005


Database Flowchart

Studies in the gad-psyctr dataset were extracted from the larger “psychological interventions for GAD” database. The study flow of this database can be found below.

(n=19487)Records identified through database searches (n=29)Records identified through other sources (n=13298)Records after duplicate removal (n=13298)Records screened (n=13173)Records excluded (n=125)Full-text articles assessed for eligibility (n=75)Full-text excluded (n=50)Studies included in database (n=50)Studies included in dataset
  • Conflict with the protocol: n=2
  • Lack of data: n=3
  • Preliminary results: n=2
  • Secondary publication: n=5
  • Wrong comparator: n=18
  • Wrong design: n=6
  • Wrong intervention: n=13
  • Wrong outcome: n=3
  • Wrong population: n=7
  • Other comparisons than Psy vs ctr: n=16


Further Information

  • Published meta-analysis using the database. ↗

Citation

Davide Papola (2024) . Database of GAD trials comparing psychological interventions with control conditions. Part of the Metapsy project (Version 23.0.4 ). URL docs.metapsy.org/databases/ptsd-psyctr. DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10185216 .

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