Panic Disorder: Psychotherapy vs. Control

Davide Papola

General Description

The panic-psyctr dataset is part of the meta-analytic research domain (MARD) on psychotherapy for panic disorder. This MARD is part of the Metapsy project. The dataset contains study information and effect size data of trials on psychotherapy for panic disorder (with and without agoraphobia) in adults.

This dataset includes psychotherapy vs. control (psy vs ctr) comparisons. Effect sizes are provided for outcomes at post-test. It includes one type of effect size calculation per study, giving priority to means and standard deviations at post-test, followed by change scores, binary outcomes, and other statistics.

The dataset follows the Metapsy data standard. All included information has been independently extracted two researchers. Risk of bias ratings were conducted using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Tool (Version 2).


Affiliated Institutions

University of Verona


Online Meta-Analysis Tool

A simplified version of this database can be analyzed at metapsy.org/database/panic.


Metadata

  • metapsyData Shorthand: panic-psyctr
  • Number of Studies: 71
  • Latest Version: 23.0.1
  • Last updated: April 26, 2023
  • Last search: January 1, 2021
  • Search String (Latest Version): ↗
  • Data Repository (Latest Version): ↗
  • Preregistration (Research Domain): ↗
  • License: ODC-By v1.0 ↗
  • Database DOI:

  • Version 23.0.1 (April 25, 2023):

Variable Description

VariableDescription
studyAuthor and year of publication
condition_arm1Type of treatment (CBT= cognitive behaviour therapy, CT = cognitive therapy, BT = behaviour therapy, PT = physiological therapy, PD = psychodynamic therapy, IPT = interpersonal psychotherapy, EMDR = EMDR, 3W = third wave therapy)
condition_arm2Type of comparator (TAU/NT = treatment as usual / no treatment, WL = waitlist, PE = psychoeducation, SP = supportive psychotherapy, APP = attention or psychological placebo, PL = placebo, BZP = benzodiazepine, AD = antidepressant)
multi_arm1Treatment group in multi-arm trials
multi_arm2Comparison group in multi-arm trials
instrumentThis variable describes the instrument through which the relevant outcome was measured.
time_weeksThe measurement point at which the outcome was obtained, in weeks after randomization (set to NA if this information was not available).
mean_arm1Mean arm 1
mean_arm2Mean arm 2
sd_arm1Standard deviation arm 1
sd_arm2Standard deviation arm 2
n_arm1Number of participants arm 1
n_arm2Number of participants arm 2
robRisk of bias (low, some concerns, high)
yearYear of publication
comorbid_mentalDid the sample have comorbid mental disorders? This includes any comorbid mental or substance use disorder, including insomnia
formatface-to-face (individual or group) or self-help (guided or unguided, online or book)
n_sessionsThe number of sessions is the number of planned sessions, but when the realized number of sessions is given this is preferred. Only full numbers are given (no decimals)
mean_ageAverage age
percent_womenpercentage of women at baseline
recruitmentsetting where participants were recuited (community, clinical, mixed, unknown)
diagnosisPD = panic disorder with or without agoraphobia; PD w/o A = panic disorder without agoraphobia; PD w/ A = panic disorder with agoraphobia; A = agoraphobia without panic disorder
prop_agoraphobicsproportion participants with agoraphobia
pharmacotherapydid the participants use pharmacotherapy? Other drugs that do not have an antidepressant effect, such as tranquilizers are not considered pharmacotherapy
outcome_typeThis variable encodes the type of outcome that builds the basis of the comparison, e.g. means and standard deviations (msd), change from baseline, response, remission, other statistics, etc.
timeThe measurement point at which the outcome was obtained (e.g. post or follow-up).
.idmetapsyTools generated variable
.gmetapsyTools generated variable
.g_semetapsyTools generated variable
.log_rrmetapsyTools generated variable
.log_rr_semetapsyTools generated variable
.event_arm1metapsyTools generated variable
.event_arm2metapsyTools generated variable
.totaln_arm1metapsyTools generated variable
.totaln_arm2metapsyTools generated variable


Study References

  • Addis, 2004: Addis ME, Hatgis C, Krasnow AD, et al. Effectiveness of cognitive--behavioral treatment for panic disorder versus treatment as usual in a managed care setting. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 2004;72(4):625-35.
  • Allen, 2016: Allen AR, Newby JM, Mackenzie A, Smith J, Boulton M, Loughnan SA, Andrews G. Internet cognitive-behavioural treatment for panic disorder: randomised controlled trial and evidence of effectiveness in primary care. BJPsych Open. 2016 Mar 24;2(2):154-162.
  • Bakker, 1999: Bakker A, van Dyck R, Spinhoven P, et al. Paroxetine, clomipramine, and cognitive therapy in the treatment of panic disorder. The Journal of clinical psychiatry 1999;60(12):831-8.
  • Barlow, 1989: Barlow DH, Craske MG, Cerny JA, Klosko JS. Behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behavior Therapy 1989;20(2): 261–82.
  • Barlow, 2000: Barlow DH, Gorman JM, Shear MK, et al. Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Jama 2000;283(19):2529-36.
  • Beck, 1992: Beck AT, Sokol L, Clark DA, et al. A crossover study of focused cognitive therapy for panic disorder. The American journal of psychiatry 1992;149(6):778-83.
  • Beck, 1994: Beck JG, Stanley MA, Baldwin LE, et al. Comparison of cognitive therapy and relaxation training for panic disorder. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 1994;62(4):818-26.
  • Berger, 2017: Berger, T., et al. (2017). "Effects of a transdiagnostic unguided Internet intervention ('velibra') for anxiety disorders in primary care: results of a randomized controlled trial." Psychol Med 47(1): 67-80.
  • Black, 1993: Black DW, Wesner R, Bowers W, et al. A comparison of fluvoxamine, cognitive therapy, and placebo in the treatment of panic disorder. Archives of general psychiatry 1993;50(1):44-50.
  • Botella, 2007: Botella, C. García-Palacios, A. Villa, H. Baños, R. M. Quero, S. Alcañiz, M. Riva, G. Virtual reality exposure in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia: A controlled study. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 2007. 14(4)164-75.
  • Carlbring, 2006: Carlbring P, Bohman S, Brunt S, et al. Remote treatment of panic disorder: a randomized trial of internet-based cognitive behavior therapy supplemented with telephone calls. The American journal of psychiatry 2006;163(12):2119-25.
  • Carlbring, 2001: Carlbring P, Westling BE, Ljungstrand P, et al. Treatment of panic disorder via the Internet: A randomized trial of a self-help program. Behavior Therapy 2001;32(4):751-64.
  • Carter, 2003: Carter MM, Sbrocco T, Gore KL, et al. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy versus a wait-list control in the treatment of African American women with panic disorder. Cognitive therapy and research 2003;27(5):505‐18.
  • Ciuca, 2018: Ciuca AM, Berger T, Crişan LG, et al. Internet-based treatment for panic disorder: A three-arm randomized controlled trial comparing guided (via real-time video sessions) with unguided self-help treatment and a waitlist control. PAXPD study results. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2018;56:43-55.
  • Clark, 1999: Clark DM, Salkovskis PM, Hackmann A, et al. Brief cognitive therapy for panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 1999;67(4):583-9.
  • Craske, 2005: Craske MG, Lang AJ, Aikins D, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for nocturnal panic. Behavior therapy 2005;36(1):43‐54.
  • Craske, 1995: Craske MG, Maidenberg E, Bystritsky A. Brief cognitive-behavioral versus nondirective therapy for panic disorder. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry 1995;26(2):113-20.
  • Craske, 2011: Craske, M. G., et al. (2011). "Disorder-specific impact of coordinated anxiety learning and management treatment for anxiety disorders in primary care." Arch Gen Psychiatry 68(4): 378-388.
  • de Beurs, 1995: de Beurs E, van Balkom AJ, Lange A, et al. Treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: comparison of fluvoxamine, placebo, and psychological panic management combined with exposure and of exposure in vivo alone. The American journal of psychiatry 1995;152(5):683-91.
  • Erickson, 2007: Erickson, D. H., et al. (2007). "A cognitive-behavioral group for patients with various anxiety disorders." Psychiatr Serv 58(9): 1205-1211.
  • Feske, 1997: Feske U, Goldstein AJ. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment for panic disorder: a controlled outcome and partial dismantling study. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 1997;65(6):1026-35.
  • Gensichen, 2020: Gensichen, J., et al. (2019). "Panic Disorder in Primary Care: The Effects of a Team-Based Intervention." 116(10): 159-166.
  • Gloster, 2015: Gloster AT, Sonntag R, Hoyer J, et al. Treating treatment-resistant patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia using psychotherapy: A randomized controlled switching trial. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2015;84(2):100-09.
  • Gloster, 2011: Gloster AT, Wittchen HU, Einsle F, et al. Psychological treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia: a randomized controlled trial to examine the role of therapist-guided exposure in situ in CBT. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 2011;79(3):406-20.
  • Goldstein, 2000: Goldstein AJ, De Beurs E, Chambless DL, Wilson KA. EMDR for panic disorder with agoraphobia: comparison with waiting list and credible attention-placebo control conditions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000;68(6):947–56.
  • Gould, 1993: Gould RA, Clum GA, Shapiro D. The use of bibliotherapy in the treatment of panic: A preliminary investigation. Behavior Therapy 1993;24(2):241-52.
  • Griegel, 1995: Griegel LE. Breathing retraining in panic disorder: physiological mechanisms or perceived controllability. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 1995;55(9):4120.
  • Hazen 1996: Hazen AL,Walker JR, Eldridge GD. Anxiety sensitivity and treatment outcome in panic disorder. Anxiety 1996;2(1):34–9.
  • Hendriks, 2010: Hendriks GJ, Keijsers GP, Kampman M, et al. A randomized controlled study of paroxetine and cognitive-behavioural therapy for late-life panic disorder. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica 2010;122(1):11-9.
  • Ito, 2001: Ito LM, de Araujo LA, Tess VL, et al. Self-exposure therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia: randomised controlled study of external v. interoceptive self-exposure. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 2001;178:331-6.
  • Kenardy, 2003: Kenardy JA, Dow MG, Johnston DW, et al. A comparison of delivery methods of cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic disorder: an international multicenter trial. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 2003;71(6):1068-75.
  • Klein, 2001: Klein B, Richards JC. A brief internet-based treatment for panic disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2001;29(1):113-17.
  • Klein, 2006: Klein B, Richards JC, Austin DW. Efficacy of internet therapy for panic disorder. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry 2006;37(3):213-38.
  • Klosko, 1990: Klosko JS, Barlow DH, Tassinari R, Cerny JA. A comparison of alprazolam and behavior therapy in treatment of panic disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1990; 58(1):77–84.
  • Koszycki, 2011: Koszycki D, Taljaard M, Segal Z, et al. A randomized trial of sertraline, self-administered cognitive behavior therapy, and their combination for panic disorder. Psychological medicine 2011;41(2):373-83.
  • Lidren, 1994: Lidren DM, Watkins PL, Gould RA, et al. A comparison of bibliotherapy and group therapy in the treatment of panic disorder. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology 1994;62(4):865-9.
  • Loerch, 1999: Loerch B, Graf-Morgenstern M, Hautzinger M, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of moclobemide, cognitive-behavioural therapy and their combination in panic disorder with agoraphobia. The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science 1999;174:205-12.
  • Marchand, 2008: Marchand A, Coutu MF, Dupuis G, et al. Treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: randomized placebo-controlled trial of four psychosocial treatments combined with imipramine or placebo. Cognitive behaviour therapy 2008;37(3):146-59.
  • Martini, 2011: Martini B, Rosso G, Chiodelli DF, et al. Brief dynamic therapy combined with pharmacotherapy in the treatment of panic disorder with concurrent depressive symptoms. Clinical Neuropsychiatry 2011;8(3):204-11.
  • Meulenbeek, 2010: Meulenbeek P, Willemse G, Smit F, et al. Early intervention in panic: pragmatic randomised controlled trial. The British journal of psychiatry 2010;196(4):326-31.
  • Meuret, 2008: Meuret AE, Wilhelm FH, Ritz T, Roth WT. Feedback of end-tidal pCO2 as a therapeutic approach for panic disorder. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2008;42(7):560–8.
  • Meyerbroeker, 2013: Meyerbroeker K, Morina N, Kerkhof GA, et al. Virtual reality exposure therapy does not provide any additional value in agoraphobic patients: a randomized controlled trial. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics 2013;82(3):170-6.
  • Ninomiya, 2019: Ninomiya, A., et al. (2019). "Effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in patients with anxiety disorders in secondary-care settings: a randomized controlled trial." Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences.
  • Nordin, 2010: Nordin S, Carlbring P, Cuijpers P, et al. Expanding the limits of bibliotherapy for panic disorder: randomized trial of self-help without support but with a clear deadline. Behavior therapy 2010;41(3):267-76.
  • Oromendia, 2016: Oromendia P, Orrego J, Bonillo A, et al. Internet-based self-help treatment for panic disorder: a randomized controlled trial comparing mandatory versus optional complementary psychological support. Cognitive behaviour therapy 2016;45(4):270-86.
  • Ost, 2004: Ost LG, Thulin U, Ramnero J. Cognitive behavior therapy vs exposure in vivo in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia (corrected from agrophobia). Behaviour research and therapy 2004;42(10):1105-27.
  • Petterson, 1996: Petterson K, Cesare S. Panic disorder: a cognitive behavioural approach to treatment. Counselling Psychology Quarterly 1996;9(2):191–201.
  • Pitti, 2015: Pitti CT, Penate W, de la Fuente J, et al. The combined use of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of agoraphobia. Actas espanolas de psiquiatria 2015;43(4):133-41.
  • Rees, 2012: Rees CS, Richards JC, Smith LM. The efficacy of information-giving in cognitive-behavioural treatment for panic disorder. Behaviour Change 1999;16(3):175–81.
  • Reinecke, 2013: Reinecke A, Waldenmaier L, Cooper MJ, Harmer CJ. Changes in automatic threat processing precede and predict clinical changes with exposure-based cognitive-behavior therapy for panic disorder.
  • Richards, 2006: Richards JC, Klein B, Austin DW. Internet cognitive behavioural therapy for panic disorder: does the inclusion of stress management information improve end-state functioning? Clinical psychologist 2006;10(1):2‐15.
  • Roy-Byrne, 2005: Roy-Byrne PP, Craske MG, Stein MB, et al. A randomized effectiveness trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and medication for primary care panic disorder. Archives of general psychiatry 2005;62(3):290-8.
  • Roy-Byrne, 2010: Roy-Byrne, P., et al. (2010). "Delivery of evidence-based treatment for multiple anxiety disorders in primary care: a randomized controlled trial." Jama 303(19): 1921-1928.
  • Ruwaard, 2010: Ruwaard J, Broeksteeg J, Schrieken B, et al. Web-based therapist-assisted cognitive behavioral treatment of panic symptoms: a randomized controlled trial with a three-year follow-up. Journal of anxiety disorders 2010;24(4):387-96.
  • Schmidt, 1997a: Schmidt NB, Staab JP, Trakowski JH, Jr., et al. Efficacy of a brief psychosocial treatment for panic disorder in an active duty sample: implications for military readiness. Military medicine 1997;162(2):123-9.
  • Schmidt, 1997b: Schmidt NB, Trakowski JH, Staab JP. Extinction of panicogenic effects of a 35% CO2 challenge in patients with panic disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1997; 106(4):630–8.
  • Sharp, 1997: Sharp DM, Power KG, Simpson RJ, et al. Global measures of outcome in a controlled comparison of pharmacological and psychological treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care. The British journal of general practice 1997;47(416):150-5.
  • Sharp, 2004: Sharp DM, Power KG, Swanson V. A comparison of the efficacy and acceptability of group versus individual cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of panic disorder and agoraphobia in primary care. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 2004;11(2):73-82.
  • Shear, 2001: Shear MK, Houck P, Greeno C, et al. Emotion-focused psychotherapy for patients with panic disorder. The American journal of psychiatry 2001;158(12):1993-8.
  • Shear, 1994: Shear MK, Pilkonis PA, Cloitre M, et al. Cognitive behavioral treatment compared with nonprescriptive treatment of panic disorder. Archives of general psychiatry 1994;51(5):395-401.
  • Silfvernagel, 2012: Silfvernagel K, Carlbring P, Kabo J, et al. Individually tailored internet-based treatment for young adults and adults with panic attacks: randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical Internet research 2012;14(3):e65.
  • Swinson, 1995: Swinson RP, Fergus KD, Cox BJ, et al. Efficacy of telephone-administered behavioral therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Behaviour research and therapy 1995;33(4):465-9.
  • Swinson, 1992: Swinson RP, Soulios C, Cox BJ, et al. Brief treatment of emergency room patients with panic attacks. The American journal of psychiatry 1992;149(7):944-6.
  • Telch, 1993: Telch MJ, Lucas JA, Schmidt NB, et al. Group cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour research and therapy 1993;31(3):279-87.
  • Titov, 2010: Titov, N., et al. (2010). "Transdiagnostic Internet treatment for anxiety disorders: A randomized controlled trial." Behav Res Ther 48(9): 890-899.
  • van Ballegooijen, 2013: van Ballegooijen W, Riper H, Klein B, et al. An Internet-based guided self-help intervention for panic symptoms: randomized controlled trial. Journal of medical internet research 2013;15(7):e154.
  • Wiborg, 1996: Wiborg IM, Dahl AA. Does brief dynamic psychotherapy reduce the relapse rate of panic disorder? Archives of general psychiatry 1996;53(8):689-94.
  • Williams, 1996: Cognitive and performance-based treatments for panic attacks in people with varying degrees of agoraphobic disability. Behaviour Research and Therapy 1996;34(3):253–64.
  • Wims, 2010: Wims E, Titov N, Andrews G, et al. Clinician-assisted Internet-based treatment is effective for panic: A randomized controlled trial. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry 2010;44(7):599-607.
  • Wollburg, 2011: Wollburg E, Roth WT, Kim S. Effects of breathing training on voluntary hypo- and hyperventilation in patients with panic disorder and episodic anxiety. Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback 2011;36:81–91.
  • Zitrin, 1978: Zitrin, C. M., et al. (1978). "Behavior therapy, supportive psychotherapy, imipramine, and phobias." Arch Gen Psychiatry 35(3): 307-316.


Database Flowchart

Studies in the panic-psyctr dataset were extracted from the larger “panic disorder psychotherapy” database. The study flow of this database can be found below.

(n=16370)Records identified through database searches (n=26)Records identified through other sources (n=11092)Records after duplicate removal (n=11092)Records screened (n=10626)Records excluded (n=466)Full-text articles assessed for eligibility (n=395)Full-text excluded (n=71)Studies included in database (n=71)Studies included in dataset
  • Protocols: n=25
  • Follow-up studies/secondary analyses: n=40
  • Wrong comparator: n=8
  • Wrong design: n=83
  • Wrong intervention: n=27
  • Wrong outcome: n=46
  • Wrong population: n=101


Further Information

  • The full protocol of the METAPSY project ↗
  • Definitions of types of psychotherapies that are included in the Metapsy depression domain ↗
  • A paper summarizing main results of the Metapsy depression domain ↗
  • A meta-analysis based on the panic database ↗
  • Published meta-analyses using the database ↗
  • Published 'individual participant data' meta-analyses, based on the database ↗

Citation

Davide Papola (2023) . Database of panic disorder psychotherapy trials with control conditions. Part of the Metapsy project (Version 23.0.1 ). URL docs.metapsy.org/databases/depression-psyctr. DOI https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7863722 .

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